AGE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
1. What were the features of proto industrialization of 18 century?
1. Organized and set up by merchants by joining hands with village craftsmen.
2. Mass production in the absence of factories.
3. Situated at the country side.
4. Step wise place to place production.
5. Profitable to the both merchants and weavers.
2. What were trade guilds and urban crafts? What did they do?
Trade guilds and urban crafts were the associations of trades and merchants of cities. They mainly
1. Trained craft persons
2. Maintained control over labour.
3. Regulated competition and labour
3. What were the features of the factory production/system?
1. Increased per capital income.
2. Regulated labour under one roof.
3. Continuous watch on labour and production.
4. Use of Machines which saved time and labour.
4. Why the journey traditional products to factory products were so slow?
1. It took time for the people to accept machine goods instead of traditional goods.
2. Technology was not available to all.
3. New machines were too costly.
4. Machines were hard to maintain or repair.
5. Why were metals required?
1. To make Transportation system
2. To make World war equipments
6. Why was there was no shortage of hand labour in Britain ?
1. Masters gave low wages due to high competition.
2. Machines required high investment.
3. Hand products had great quality and demand.
4. People appreciated the variety in hand labour.
7. How were the lives of workers affected?
1. Abundance and favoritism in choosing of labour.
2. Rising prices and unemployment a problem.
3. Seasonality of jobs.
8. Describe the networking age of Indian textiles?
1. Investment by Indian merchants.
2. Workshops majorly present in villages.
3. Village weavers at a good relationship with merchants.
4. Important ports were surat, hoogly and mauslipatnam.
9. Why after 1750, Indian networking broke?
1. European companies became powerful in India.
2. Development of new ports by British & decline of old Indian ports.
3. Fail of Indian exports due to absence of raw materials.
4. Financial problems faced by Indian weavers.
10. W hat were the measures or steps taken by British to decline Indian textiles?
1. Elimination of Indian weavers and merchants.
2. Applied gomasthas to check weavers who took loans.
3. High interest rates of loans causing financial problems.
4. Monopoly trade introduced in India.
5. High import duties on Indian exports.
6. Shortage of raw materials as British purchased all.
11. How were weavers affected due to decline of Indian textiles?
1. Some deserted villages and profession.
2. Loans caused financial problems.
3. Weavers left their profession and concentrated on odd jobs.
4. Fight between weavers and gomasthas.
12. What problems were caused by Manchester coming to India?
1. Collapse of Indian local market.
2. Decline in export market of India.
3. Lack of raw materials.
4. Change of profession by the weavers.
13. Who were the early entrepreneurs of India? How did they accumulate wealth?
àThe history of many business groups goes back to trade with China.
àIn Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade before he turned to industrial investment, setting up six joint-stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.
àIn Bombay, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata who built huge industrial empires in India, accumulated their initial wealth partly from exports to China, and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.
àSeth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman who set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, also traded with China. So did the father as well as grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D. Birla.
àJeejeebhoy was involved in the China trade and shipping. He owned a large fleet of ships, but competition from English and American shippers forced him to sell his ships by the 1850s.
14. Who was the Jobber? What did he do?
Jobber was an old and trusted worker whose work was to recruit new people in the industries
He-àFollowed favouritism
àMisused his power
àTook bribes from people
15. What were the peculiarities of industrial growth in India?
àGoods produced were exported instead of sale in India.
àThough Indian fabric was famous, factories produced coarse yarn instead of the fabric
àCotton production doubled in India during 1900-1912.
àWar time boomed the cotton production in India and provided mills with a large Home market.
16. Why did small scale industries predominate between 1900-1940?
àMost of the large scale industries – about 67 per cent in 1911 – were located in Bengal and Bombay. Over the rest of the country, small-scale production continued to predominate.
àThere were several small innovations that helped weaver improve their productivity and compete with the mill sector. E.g.- Spinning Jenny
àMills could not imitate specialised weaves. Saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.
àSmall scale industries needed much less investment in labour and machines.
17. How were the people persuaded to buy the goods produced in factories?
àAdvertising made the products look desirable
àTrade Mark showed a sign of quality.
àCalendars used by both literate and illiterate popularised the products.
àPictures of gods and goddesses made the product look divine and useful.
18. Why did the women workers in Britain attack the Spinning Jenny?
àFear of unemployment since they were dependent on spinning for food.
àMachine was easier to handle and faster, the wages of the workers reduced.
CH-8 HIST. NOVELS,SOCIETYAND HISTORY
1. How did people have easier access to books?
· Technological improvements (printing press)
· Hiring out of novels
· Circulating libraries
· Innovation in market
2. What are the reasons for popularity of novels?
· Private reading
· Discussion
· Carried to different world
3. Write about Hard Times in which Charles Dickens wrote about the effects of industrialization?
· About industrial coke town
· Workers had no identity
· Workers were treated as simple instruments of production
4. Write about themes of Oliver Twist, where Dickens focused on terrible urban life?
· Shows terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalization.
· Oliver described as poor orphan
· Oliver was adapted by a wealthy man
5. Write about Emile Zola’s Germinal?
· Described life of young miner in France, harsh details of his life
· Ends on a note of despair
· Strike hero fails ,hopes are shattered
6. Write a note on Thomas Hardy’s Mayor of Caster bridge?
· About Michael Henchard , a grain merchant who became mayor
· Independent minded man, own style in business
· No match for Donald Fa Rfrae who runs his business
· Mourns the loss of more personalized world
7. How did women get involved in reading novels in 18th century?
· Orthodox of society
· Development of middle class
· Got more time to read and write
· Novels related to life
8. Describe about the theme of Jane Austin ‘Pride and Prejudice’?
· Encouraged women to look for good marriages and find wealthy husbands
· Gives a glimpse of world of women in gentle rural society in Britain
· Shows behavior of characters pre-occupied with marriage and money
9. Describe the theme of Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Bronte?
· About revolutionary young girl who defy the customs of that time
· Tells the way a girl should behave in English aristocratic society
· Sympathies with rebellious women readers
10. Describe the role of novel for young boys?
· Idealized a new type of man (powerful, independent)
· Full of adventure, set in places remote from Europe
· Colonizers were made to appear heroic and honorable
11. Describe how novel promoted Colonialism?
· Colonisers were made to appear heroic who confronted native people
· Showed English courage by concurring strange land
· Many historical event and military action witnessed by young boys
12. Give examples of prose writings done in ancient and medieval India?
· Banabhatta’s Kadambari , written in Sanskrit in 7th century
· Panchtantra by Vishnu Sharma
· Long tradition of prose tales in Persian and Urdu , known as Dastan
13. Give a brief history of novels in south India?
· English novels were translated into South Indian language
· Eg. Chandu Menon tried to translate an English novel called Henrietta temple
· Readers were not familiar with the life style of English people
· Started writing their original novels
14. Write a short note on theme Indulekha written by O. Chandu Menon?
· Tells how to accept ideas coming from the west without losing one’s identity
· Concerned marriage practices of upper castes Hindus in Kerela about the Nambuthiri Brahmins and the Nayars.
· Nayar wanted new laws regarding marriage and property
15. Describe the theme of Pariksha Guru?
· Reflected the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle class
· Cautioned young men against influence of bad company
· Teach the reader right way to live , be wise and practical with dignity
· All must be achieved without sacrificing the traditional values of middle class
16. Describe the aspects of Premchand’s novels which makes him very special?
1) All kinds of characters from all levels of society.
2) Women characters are strong.
3) Characters create community based on democratic values.
17. Write a note on Oriya novels?
1) First novel was by Ramshankar Roy.
2) Major novel was Chaa Mana Atha Guntha by Fakir Mohan Senapati.
3) It dealt with the question of land and its possession.
4) It could make rural issues an important part of urban preoccupation.
18. Write about different types of novels which became famous in Bengal?
1) Novels located in past, their characters, event.
2) Domestic novels.
3) Novel patronized public forms of entertainment.
4) Novels relished for its language.
19. How did colonial rulers make use of novel in administration?
1) Novels as valuable source of information on native life and customs for governing Indian society.
2) Novel had description of domestic life of Indian which helped them to frame laws.
20. Describe the role of women in novel writing?
1) Began to write in some language.
2) Early creations were poem, essay and autobiographical pieces.
3) It allowed new conception of womanhood.
4) Began to write stories. Rokeya Hossein , a reformer, wrote a satiric fantasy in English called ‘Sultana’s Dream’.
21. Role of Rakaya Hussain. Describe?
1) Wrote a satiric fantasy in English. “Sultana’s Dream
2) Started a girl’s school in Calcutta.
3) Inspired women. Her novel ‘Padmarag’ also showed the need for women to reform their condition by their own actions.
22. Write the theme of Saraswati Vijayam?
Potheri Kunjambu, a lower caste writer from north Kerala . wrote this novel, in 1892,
1) It mounted a strong attack on caste oppression.
2) About a man from an untouchable caste who became the judge in local court.
3) the judge reveal his true identity, and the Nambuthiri repents and reform
4) Stress on importance of education.
23. Write the theme of Titash Ekti Nadir Naam?
It was written by Advaita Malla Burman.
1) Depicted the lives of peasant & low caste.
2) An epic about Mallas a community of fisher folk.
3) Describes the community life of the Mallas and the oppression of the upper caste
4) Mallas start fighting amongst themselves as new cultural influences
24. Describe the role of Basheer in novel writing?
1) Wrote in Malayalam.
2) Wrote novels with wonderful humor.
3) Novels spoke about details from the everyday life of Muslim households.
4) His works based on rich personal experience. He wrote about poverty, insanity and life in prison.
25. How did novel produced a sense of Pan Indian belonging?
1) Imagined the nation full of adventure, heroism, romance & scarifies. Ex. Written about Marathas and Rajputs
2) Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s ‘Anguriya Binimoy’ wrote the character of Shivaji
3) Various classes were included which focused on Unity in diversity
4) Reveal the problems of thinking about the nation.
5) Bankim’s ‘Anandmath inspired many kinds of freedom fighters
26. Write about Godan?
1) Work of Munshi Premchand published in 1956.
2) Depicts the life of Indian peasant.
3) Tells the story of Hori and his wife Dhania, a peasant couple.
4) About oppression of landloards and money landers in society.
5) Yet Hori and Dhania retain their dignity to the end.
27. Write about Rang bhoomi?
1) Main character Surdas from untouchable caste.
2) Novel shows the lives of the most oppressed section of society
3) About industrialization & its impact on society & people.
4) Surdas struggling against the forcible takeover of his land for establishing a tobacco factory.
5) Surdas was inspired by Gandhi’s personality and ideas.
28. Discuss the importance of novel in history?
1) Women expressed their feeling.
2) People came to know about their society.
3) Explore how different groups begin to question or reflect upon their identies.
4) Focus on lives of those who are literate & middle class.
29. Give reasons for the popularity of novels?
1) Cheaper than manuscript.
2) Translation of novel.
3) Novels are about real life.
4) Readers enjoyed the pleasure of reading.
CHAPTER 1 CIVICS POWER SHARING
1. Describe about Sri Lankan ethnic composition. What were the steps led by Sri Lankans for majoritarianism? What were the results of this rule?
ANS. Ethnic composition of SRI LANKA was
-Sinhala speakers (74%) mostly were Buddhists
-Tamil speakers (18%) mostly were Hindus and Muslims
-Both speakers (7%) mostly were Christians
Steps for majoritarian rule:
-recognizing Sinhala as official language
-fostered Buddhism
-preferential policies in jobs and higher education.
-denying of political rights
The results were:
-Civil wars
-demands for separate state
-formation of LTTE
-demand for recognition of language
-demand for equality.
2. What is the ethnic composition of Belgium? What steps were followed to accommodate Belgium?
Ans. Ethnic composition of Belgium was
-Dutch speaking people (59%)
-French speaking people (40%)
-German speaking people (1%)
Accommodation in Belgium:
-Equal representation of each group in Central government.
-State govt. was not subordinate to Central govt.
-Equal representation in Brussels govt.
-Community govt. held powers regarding culture, education and language
3. Explain different forms of power sharing.
Ans. Different forms of power sharing (P.S) are:
-Horizontal P.S or P.S among the organs of the government- Executive, Legislature and Judiciary
-Vertical P.S or P.S on different levels (FEDERALISM)
-P.S between social groups- Religious and Linguistic groups
-P.S between Political Parties, Pressure groups, Movements
4. Describe horizontal and vertical power sharing.
Ans. Horizontal P.S:
-P.S among different organs of govt.
-Organs at same levels exercise different powers
-Also known as ‘Arrangement of Checks and Balances’
Vertical P.S:
-P.S at different levels- provincial, state, central
-Also known as ‘Federalism’
-Usually dual polity is followed.
5. How power is shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements? Compare Belgium and India.
Ans. P.S among various political parties, pressure groups and movements:
-Competition among political parties
-formation of Coalition govt.
- pressure groups and movements influence decision making
-Participation in governmental committees
In India,
-Right to speech is the tool of Pressure groups
-There are various political parties with varying ideologies
-Community government put pressure on Central govt. in Belgium
6. How is the power shared among different social groups? Give cases of Belgium and India.
Ans. P.S among social groups:
-Some countries have constitutional and legal arrangements
-they give space to the weaker sections in the govt.
-Accommodate social diversities
-Social groups lead to ‘reserved constituencies’
In India,
-there is no permission for any majoritarian rule
-there is reserved constituency for weaker sections
In Belgium,
-there exists a community govt. It has various powers
CHAPTER 2 CIVICS FEDERALISM
1. Explain the key features of federalism.
Ans. Key features of federalism are:
-More than one level of government
-Follows dual polity
-each level has its Own Jurisdiction
-Authority of each tier is guaranteed
-changes cannot be brought unilaterally
-Courts can interpret constitution and resolve disputes
-Sources of Revenue is Specified
-Motto- promote national unity and regional disintegrity
2. Describe the 2 types of federation in the countries with examples.
Ans. 2 types of govt. are:
Coming Together
-Independent states come together
-increase sincerity by pooling sovereignty
- E.g. are U.S.A, Switzerland, and Australia
Holding Together
-Country divides into states
-E.g. are India, Spain, and Belgium
3. Explain the three fold distribution of legislative powers between the union and state govt.
Ans. Three fold distribution of legislative powers:
-Union list
- Powers of national interest
-Has 92 subjects
-State list
-Powers of state interest
-Has 66 subjects
-Concurrent list
-Powers of both national and state interest
-has 47 subjects
Residual powers
-Latest powers e.g. computer science under the Union
4. Explain the role of judiciary in federal form of govt. in India.
Ans. Roles of judiciary in Federal India:
-Oversees the implementation of constitutional provisions, procedures
-Resolves disputes
-Interprets constitution
-Alter the powers of different tiers
5. How is federalism practised? Explain in 4 points.
Ans. Federalism in India:
-3 tier system
-Own jurisdiction for tiers
-Language policy and Linguistic states
-Decentralization of Powers
6. Language policy works as the basis of Indian federation. Explain.
-No recognition to any language as national language
-22 languages have been recognized as scheduled languages
-candidate can opt for any language in exams
-formation of linguistic states
7. Explain major steps for decentralization in 1992.
Ans. Major Steps taken were:
-Permission to hold regular elections at local levels
-Reservations for women, S.T, S.C, and OBC.
-Creation of state election commission
-Sharing of powers of state with local bodies
8. India is federal in form but unitary in spirit. Explain.
Ans. India is federal as it has:
-3-tier system
-linguistic states
-decentralization of powers
India is unitary in spirit as:
-Union govt. rules at times of emergency
- Union govt. rules at times of concurrent disputes
-Parliamentary decisions are abided by all
- Union govt. rules at times of residual disputes
-Union list has more subjects.
CHAPTER-3 DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY
Q-1. What was ‘Civil Rights Movement’ in United States? Explain.
ANS. a) 1954-1968 by Martin Luther King Jr.
b) For abolishing legal racial discrimination against African -Americans.
c) Practiced non -violent methods.
d) Was against racially discriminatory laws and practices.
Q-2. Who are African-Americans? Give examples.
ANS. a) descendants of Africans.
b) Other similar terms:- Afro-American, black American or black.
c) Were brought into America as slaves b/w 17th& early 19th century
d) for example Carlos and smith
Q-3 Define black power.
ANS. a) Emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975
c) Violent if necessary
d) To end racism in US
Q-4. What are the factors for the origin of the social difference?
ANS. a) difference by birth
b) Difference by choice Ex- by profession
c) Difference by circumstances Ex rich and poor
d) Difference by situation Ex.Physical Handicapt
Q-5. Explain Homogeneous Society.
ANS. a) Society with similar kind of people
b) No significant ethnic differences
c) for example Germany and Sweden
Q-6. Define Migrant.
ANS. a) shifts from one region to another
b) From one country to another
c) Usually for work or other economic opportunities
d) Leads to formation multicultural country
Q-7. Explain the 3 determiners which decide the outcome of politics of social division.
ANS.a) How is the Perception by people of their identities
b) How are the Demands of political leaders
c) How is the Reaction of government
Q-8 Differentiate between overlapping and cross cutting difference? Do both lead social division? Give reason.
ANS.Overlapping Cross cutting
a) One difference overlaps the another a) Difference cross cut each other
b) Increases the social division b) Decreases the social division
c) Not resolved by a third party c) Can be resolved by a third party No, both don’t lead to social division as :-
a) In cross cutting all groups have disadvantages and they match equal points.
b) In overlapping one group has more disadvantage than other and thus division occur.
Q-9. When does the social difference become social division?
ANS. a) Overlapping of differences
b) People identify negatively
c) Negative role of the politicians
d) Government if does not act according to demand, the government or society uproots.
Q-10. How do politics affect social division?
ANS.a) Politicizationof social issues
b) Holding caste/ religion based campaign
c) Government becomes partial towards the community
d) Politicians resolved the division and accommodate the community
Q-11. How does social division affect politics?
ANS.a) Politicians entertain demands of different social groups
b) Voting becomes caste/religion based
c) Social groups pressurize politicians for the development of their group
Q-12. Some people conclude that social division and politics should not be mixed. Debate on this.
ANS.For the motion
a) Leads to improper functioning of government
b) Brings the sense of insecurity and inequality
c) Struggle by social community becomes violent
d) Favors discrimination
Against the motion
a) Leads to upliftment
b) Leads to development of different social groups
c) All religions develop instead only the majority
d) Grievances of the disadvantaged communities reduce
Civics Ch IV GENDER, CASTE AND RELIGION
Q1) Explain the concept of sexual division of labour with example. What are the results of this concept?
Sexual division of labour is a system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organised by them through domestic help. E.g. - cooking, washing clothes etc done by a women.
Results-
àWomen’s face disadvantage and discrimination.
àMany girls are not sent to school.
àWomen earn less than men.
Q2) Define ‘feminist’. Which movements are called feminist movements?
A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men is called feminist.
Movements demand to enhance the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.
Q3) Define a patriarchal society. What are the impacts of this society on women?
Patriarchal society is used to refer to a society that values men more and gives them power over women.
Effects are-
àThe literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 percent among men.
à The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small.
à The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men.
à In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. Such sex-selective abortion led to a decline in child sex ratio.
Q4) ‘Women face disadvantages, discrimination and oppression in many ways.’ Explain.
à Parents prefer to spend their resources for their boys’ education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters.
à Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
à In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born.
à In almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.
Q5) 33% reservation for women has been pending in the parliament for more than two decades. Explain why.
àNo support from ministers’ side.
àMajor political parties do not have agreement over this issue which presides in the parliament.
àNo strong women demand
Q6) According to Gandhi Ji, religion can never be separated from politics. Explain.
à What he meant by religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
àIt is necessary for politics to be involved so as to protect the religious minorities.
àSince religious communities also have their own demands, the also contribute to law making.
Q7) What is the argument of the groups about communal riots?
Human rights groups in our country have argued that most of the victims of communal riots in our country are people from religious minorities. They have demanded that the government take special steps to protect religious minorities.
Q8) What are family Laws? Give examples.
Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.
E.g. – Laws followed by in marriage, Hindus are different from that of Muslims.
Q9) Define communalism.
When one religious community tries to develop itself at the cost of other communities which leads to fight and destruction called communalism.
This happens when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions, when the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of religious group over the rest. This manner of using religion in politics is communal politics.
Q10) Communalism can take various forms in politics. Explain.
à These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.
à A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community.
à Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism.
à Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.
Q11) Write the features of communal politics.
à Involves thinking along the following lines. The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are the same. Any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life.
àCan take various forms {explain...}
Q12) India is a secular state. Explain.
à There is no official religion for the Indian state. Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in England, our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
à The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
à The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
à Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
Q13) Who were the outcasts in our History?
People who were subjected to the inhuman practices and were discriminated were the ‘out castes’. E.g. Dalits.
Q14) The old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.Why?
àEconomic development
à Large scale URBANISATION
à Growth of literacy and education
à OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY
àThe weakening of the position of landlords in the villages
Q15) Caste can take various forms in politics. Explain.
à When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.
à Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
à Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support.
Q16) ‘Elections are all about caste’ is far from truth. Explain.
à No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste.
à No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community.
à Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste (if that caste is believed to dominate the electorate in a particular constituency).
à The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our country. That could not have happened if all castes and communities were frozen in their political preferences.
Q17) ‘It is not politics that gets caste ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised.’ Explain.
à Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
à Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
à New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.
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A SURE SHORT MATERIAL PREPARED BY CHINMAYA VIDYALAYA, NTPC, UNCHAHAR
2011-12
