MATERIALS FOR SA-1 CLASS-X HISTORY AND CIVICS

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IN EXAMINATION HALL
• Read the entire paper thoroughly in the time allotted for this separately.
• Stay calm.
• Write correct question number boldly in the left margin.
• Attempt all parts of the question at one place. Number them appropriately.
• Be specific. Write to the point. Give points in required number only.
• Leave some space before starting a new question. Draw a line in between the answers of two questions if possible.
• Number each point & highlight main points. If possible, suitable headings.
• In writing answers you must underline key terms, concepts & points to highlight them.
• Use correct spelling & proper grammatical sentences while writing answers.
• Don’t waste time in pondering over a difficult question.
• Fasten the Map inside the answer book.
• Check & Recheck the answers in the last 10-15 minutes before submitting the answer book.
• Maintain neatness & accuracy in the answer book. Don’t give wrong data.

DIRECTIONAL WORDS IN DIFFERENT QUESTIONS
• ‘Name’, ‘List’, ‘Mention’, ‘Enumerate’ are to be treated as same & require only writing the required feature/factor/name etc .No need for any further explanation.
• ‘Define’ requires giving definition & critical components of that concept.
• ‘Explain’ requires short & specific explanation of the term or concept specified.
• ‘Analyze’ refers to understanding of the concept/situation & drawing conclusion/effect.
• ‘Describe’ means to elaborate the term wholly.

MANY WORDS CONVEY THE SAME MEANING
• Factors & circumstances
• Causes, reasons, motives
• Effects, result, consequences, impact
• Qualities, features & characteristics

MAP QUESTIONS
• Identify the maps meant for History & Geography.
• Read the asking of the questions carefully.
• Label the place & give proper symbols for different locations.
• Don’t neglect this section. Practice more maps before the examination.

WORK , LIFE AND LEISURE
Lession-1-Characteristics of the city
Q1. State in brief, How did “The city of Calcutta “ both amazed and confused the God.
Ans. Positive :-
a. The God was wonderstruck by the big, modern city.
b. The train, large ships, factories, bridges, monuments and shops selling a widerange of commodities really impressed the God.
c. City was full of opportunities – for trade and commerce, education and jobs.
d. God also decided to build a Museum and High Court in Heaven.
Negative Side :-
a. The Gods were disturbed by certain other aspects of city life like – its cheats
and thieves, its grinding poverty and the poor quality of housing.
b. The gods were also got tensed at the confusion of caste, religious and gender
identities in the city.

Q2. List the three historic processes that have shaped modern cities in decisive ways.
Ans. 1. The rise of Industrial capitalism.
2. The establishment of colonial rule over large part of the world.
3. The development of democratic ideals.

Q3. Discuss the characteristics of ‘Ancient cities’.
Ans. a. Ancient towns and cities first appeared along river valleys, e.g- Ur, Nippur, and Mohenjodaro.
c. There was an adequate supply of food grain to support non-food producers.
d. Cities were the centre of political power, administrative network, trade and industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity.
e. Cities were supported by various social groups such as artisans , merchants and priests.

Q4. How did industrialization changed the form of urbanization in the modern period
Ans. 1. The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large numbers of migrants to the textile mills.
2. In 1851, more than three-quarters of the adults living in Manchester weremigrants from rural areas.

Q5. Describe the rise and expansion of the city of London.
Ans. a. By 1750, one out of every nine people of England and Wales lived in London.
b. But over the 19th century its population multiplied fourfold, increasing from 1 million to about 4 million.


Q6. What did historian Gareth Stedman Jones say about the ‘city of London’ ?
Ans. Acc. to Gareth Stedman , in the 19th century London was a city of clerks, shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number of semi
skilled workers, of soldiers and servants of casual labourers , street sellers and beggars.
Q7. Name the major industries of London in the 19th century .
Ans. 1. London Dockyards, clothing and footwear, wood and furniture, metals and engineering, printing and stationery, and precision products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects of precious metals.
2. During the first world war , London began manufacturing motor cars and electrical goods and the number of large factories increased.

Q8. ‘As London grew, crime flourished’ justify the statement.
Or
Who made a crime in London ?
Ans. 1. As London grew, crime became an object of widespread concern.
2. The police were worried about law and order, so the population of criminals was counted, their activities were watched, and their ways of life were investigated.
3. Mainly poor people were criminals, they lived by stealing lead from roofs, food from shops, lump of coal, and clothese drying on hedges.
3. There were some skilled criminals like cheats and tricksters, pickpockets, thieves etc.
4. In an attempt to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties for crime and offered work to those who considered the ‘deserving poor’.

Q9. Discuss the effects of technological developments in the 18th century , particularly
on the woman.
Ans. 1. With the technological developments, women gradually lost their industrial jobs, and were forced to work within households.
2. A large number of women started working as domestic servants in London.
3. Many women used their homes to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through tailoring, washing or matchbox making.
4. Large number of children were also pushed into low-paid work, often by their parents.

Q10. Name two pieces of legislation that helped to keep children out of industrial jobs.
Ans. a. Compulsory Elementary Education Act in 1870.
b. Factory Act in 1902, that children were kept out of industrial work.

Q11. Give a brief account of Charles Boon’s first social survey .
Ans. a. Charles Boon was a Liverpool shipowner, he conducted the first social survey of low skilled London workers in the East End of London.
b. He found that as many as 1 million Londoners were very poor and were expected to live only up to an avg. age of 29.
c. Life expectancy among the gentry and the middle class was of 55.
d. Poor people likely to die in workhouse, hospitals or lunatic asylum.
e. Charles Boon concluded that London needed the rebuilding of at least 400,000 room to house its poorest citizens.

Q12. Why did better-off London city dwellers continue to demand for housing for the
poor ?
Ans. a. The vast mass of one room houses occupied by the poor were seen as a serious threat to public health, as they were overcrowded, badly ventilated, and lacked sanitation.
b. There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing.
c. There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917. Worker’s mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious.

Q13. What were the various steps taken to clean up London ?
Ans. 1. Attempts were made to decongest localities, green the open spaces, reduce pollution and landscape the city.
2. Large blocks of apartments were built in the city like Berlin and New York which had the similar housing problems.
3. Rent control was introduced in Britain during the Ist World War to ease the impact of a severe housing shortage.

Q14. What do you understand by the ‘ Garden City’ ? Who developed this system ?
Ans. a. Architect and planner Ebenzer Howard developed the principle of the ‘GardenCity’.
b. The Garden city, is a pleasant space full of plants and trees, where peoplewould both live & work.
c. Acc. to Ebenezer , this would produce better quality citizens.
d. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick.
e. Only well off workers could afford houses in those ‘Garden City’.

Q15. Discuss the changes came in Britain between the two world wars.
Ans. a. Between the two world wars the responsibility for housing the working classeswas accepted by the British state.
b. A million of single family cottages were built by Local authorities.
c. The city had extended beyond the range where people could walk to work.
d. New forms of mass transports were introduced.

Q16. What were the problem solved by the underground railway in London ?
Ans. a. It persuaded the people to leave the city and live in the garden suburb.
b. Underground railway solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and fro from the city.

Q17. How did the underground railway lead to pollution problem ?
Ans. a. Underground railway was considered a menace to health.
b. People who were smoking pipes pollute the atmosphere.
c. The atmosphere in the railway was a mixture of sulphur , coal dust and foul fumes from the gas lamps above.
d. Due to lack of oxygen atmosphere often became suffocated.

Q18. Why did people called underground railway ‘the iron monster’.
Ans. 1. Underground railway was considered a menace to health.
2. The massive destruction was also made in the process of construction of underground railway.
3. Houses were knocked down, streets broken through and stopped.
4. Deep pits and trenches dug in the ground.
Thus the London tube railway led to a massive displacement of the London poor.

LESSON-2
SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE CITY
Q1. How did the functions of family change from 18th-19th century ?
Ans. a. In the 18th century, the family had been a unit of production and consumption as well as of political decision making.
b. But the function and the shape of the family were completely transformed by life in the industrial city.
c. Ties between members of household loosened .
d. Among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.
e. Women of the upper and middle classes in Britain faced increasingly higher level of isolation, although their lives were made easier by domestic maids.
f. The city encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women, and a freedom from the collective values.

Q2. Write briefly on the condition of women in the new industrial cities .
Ans. a. Men and women did not have equal access to the new urban space.
b. Women lost their industrial jobs and conservative people railed against their presence in public spaces.
c. Women were forced to withdraw into their homes & public space became increasingly a male preserve, and domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.
d. Gradually , women come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote for women, or for married women’s right to property.

Q3. How did condition of urban family transformed by the 20th century ?
Ans. a. During the First world war , the valuable wartime work done by women.
b. When males were gone to the war, women were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.
c. The family became the heart of a new market- of goods and sercices and of ideas.
d. The new industrial city provided opportunities for mass work.

Q4. What were the source of leisure for London city life ?
Ans. a. London season- Several cultural events, such as Opera, the theatre andclassical music performances were organized for elite group of 300-400families.
b. Working classes met in pubs to have a drink, exchange news and sometimes also to organize political action.
c. For common people, new type of large scale entertainment came into being, like libraries, art galleries and museums were established to provide people with sense of history and pride in the achievements of the British.
d. Music halls were popular among the lower classes, & by the 20th century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for mass audiences.
e. British industrial workers were increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by the seas.

LESSON-3
POLITICS IN THE CITY
Q1. Explain , giving examples to show the large masses of people were drawn
into political causes in the city of London.
Ans. a. between 1886-1889, poor people became militant and riotious.
b. In 1886, there were riot by London poor people demanding relief from poverty.
c. A riot happened once again in 1887 and it was brutally suppressed . This incident is called the Bloody Sunday of 1887.
d. In 1889, a 12 – day dockworker’s strike took place, to gain recognition for the dockworkers union.
e. State authorities went to great lengths to reduce the possibility , of rebellion and enhance urban aesthetics.
LESSON-4
THE CITY IN COLONIAL INDIA
Q1. What do you mean by presidency city ? Why were they referred to as ‘multi
functionality cities ?
Ans. a. The British government in India had developed three administrative regions . these were known as Presidencies. Each Presidency had its own capital, viz. Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras.
b. These were called the multi-functional cities as they had major ports, warehouses, homes and offices, army camps, as well as educational institutions, museums and libraries.
BOMBAY
Q2. How did Bombay come under the British control ?
Ans. a. Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control.
b. In 1661, control 9of the islands passed into British had after the marriage of Britain’s Charles II to the Portuguese princess.
c. The East India Company quickly shifted its bases from Surat, its principal western port, to Bombay.

Q3. When did Bombay become the capital of the Bombay Presidency ?
Ans. Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war.

Q4. How did Bombay city expand ?
Ans. a. In the 19th century, the Bombay functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw material such as cotton and opium would pass.
b. It became an administrative centre in Western India.
c. By the end of the 19th Century it became a major industrial centre.
d. With the growth in trade in opium , large communities of traders , bankers , artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
e. The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration. E.g, by 1921, there were 85 cotton mills with about 146,000 workers, large number of people migrate from the district of Ratnagiri to work in Bombay mills.

Q5. How did production with machines affect the women labour force ?
Ans. a. In the period between 1919 and 1926, as much as 23 % of the mill workforce was women.
b. But by the late 1930s, women work force dropped because women’s jobs were taken over by machines or by men.
Q6. Give reason : ‘ Expansion of population in Bombay;.
Ans. a. It was at the junction head of two major railways. That encouraged higher scale of migration into the city?
b. Famine in the dry regions of Kutch drove large numbers of people into Bombay.

Q7. Discuss the effect of population on Bombay.
Ans. a. Bombay was a crowded city, it had mere 9.5 sq yards.
b. By 1872 , the density in Bombay was as high as 20.
c. Due to above factors it did not grow according to any plan.

Q8. Discuss the ‘Racial pattern ‘ housing in Bombay.
Ans. a. Bombay was a crowded city. Bombay did not experience a planned growth. The Bombay fort area was divided into two parts (i) the native town (ii) The European section.
b. In the native towns, most of the Indians lived, the European section wasinhabited by the ‘Europeans or the whites.
c. This racial pattern of inhabitation was common to all the three presidency cities of India.

Q9. Examine the living conditions of different sections of society in Bombay.
Ans. a. The European elite, the richer Parsi, Muslim and upper caste traders and industrialists of Bombay lived in sprawling, spacious bungalow.
b. More than 70% of the working people lived in the thickly populated chawls of Bombay.
Q10. What were Chawls ? .
Ans. a. Chawls were multi-storeyed structures which had been built in the native parts of the town.
b. These houses were largely owned by private landlords, such as merchants, bankers, and building contractors, looking for quick way of earning money from anxious migrants.

Q11. Describe the condition of people living in chawls.
a. Each Chawl,ivided into smaller one room tenements which had no private toilet.
b. Acc. to the census of 1901, 80% of the total inhabitants reside in tenements of one room, the avg. number of occupants lies between 4 & 5.
c. Due to high rents , workers shared home, eiher with relatives or caste fellows.
d. People had to keep the windows of their rooms closed even in humid weather due to close proximity of filthy gutter, privies, buffalo stables etc.
e. Water was scarce and people often quarreled every morning for a turn at the tap, observers found that houses were kept quiet clean.

Q12 Describe the condition of streets and neighbourhood in the chawls.
Ans. a. Streets and neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as Cooking, washing and sleeping.
b. Liquor shops and akharas came up in any empty spot.
c. Streets were also used for different types of leisure activities like magicians, monkey players or acrobats used to regularly performed their activites.
d. Chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riotsor demonstrations.

Q13. How were the disputes settled in the chawls ?
Ans. a. Caste and family groups in the mill neighbourhoods were headed by someonewho was similar to a village headman.
b. The jobbers in the mills could be the local neighbourhood leader, who settled disputes, organized food supplies, or arranged informal credit.
c. He also brought important information on political developments.

Q14. What was the condition of the depressed and lower castes in the city ?
Ans. People who belonged to the depressed classes found it even more difficult to find housing. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters Made of corrugated sheets, leaves, or bamboo poles.

Q15. Discuss the steps taken in Bombay to solve the problem of housing and plague..
Ans. a. Town planning in Bombay came about as a result of fears about the plague epidemics.
b. The city of Bombay improvement Trust was established in 1898; it focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.
c. By 1918 , Trust schemes had deprived 64,000 people of their homes, but only14,ooo were rehoused.
d. In 1918, a Rent Act was passed to keep rent reasonable, but it had the opposite effects of producing a severe housing crisis, since landlords withdrew houses from the market.

Q16. Define Reclamation.
Ans. Reclamation means reclaiming of marshy or submerged areas or other wasteland for settlement, cultivation or other use.

Q17. Describe ‘Land Reclamation project in Bombay’.
Or
Describe the several massive reclamation projects undertaken to develop Bombay.
Ans. a. The earliest project of land reclamation began in 1784, it was approved by the Bombay governor William Hornby. Under this project, the great sea wall was built to prevent the flooding of the low lying areas of Bombay.
b. As the population of Bombay was on the rise, the need for commercial space was increasing,it led to the formulation of several plans, both by govt. and private companies, for the reclamation of more land from the sea.
c. In 1864 , the Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right to reclaim the Western foreshore from the tip of Malabar hill to the end of Colaba.The hills around Bombay were leveled.
d. A successful reclamation project was undertaqkem by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 , subsequently , the famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed.

Q18. Why is Bombay referred to as a mayapuri or mayanagri ?
Ans. a. Bombay is referred to as mayanagri because Bombay was seen as a city of opportunities and dreams who came form the have not section of population.
b. They found their creative energies well used in the Bombay film industry, it inspired others.

Q19. mention some of the songs from the Bombay film Industry which speak of the
contradictory aspects of the city.
Ans. a. Film CID- Ai dil hai mushkil jeena yahan; zara hatke zara bachke, yeh Bombai meri jaan.
b. Jiska juta n usika sar, dil hai chhote bada shahar, are vah re teri Bombai.

Q20. Describe the emergence of Bombay as a city of film industry in the 20th century.
a. Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay in 1896 to make the first movie. It was followed by Raja Harishchandra in 1913 made by Dadasaheb Phalke.
b. Around 1925, Bombay was seen as film capital and films were produced for the entire country.
c. In 1947, the investment amounted to 756 million and by 1987, it provided employment to over 5 lakh people .
d. The film industry was made up of migrants from Lahore, Calcutta, Madras. People from Punjab were important for the development of the Hindi Film industry.
e. Many Famous writers , like Ismat Chughtai and Saadat Hasan Manto , were associated with Hindi Cinema.
Lesson-5
Cities and the Challenge of the Environment
Q1. In what ways has city development all over the world occurred primarily at the
expense of ecology and environment ?
Ans. a. City development everywhere occurred at the expense of ecology and the environment.
b. Natural features were flattened out or transformed in response to the growing demand for space for factories, housing, and other institutions.
c. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
d. Use of coal and wood as fuel cause air pollution.
e. Discharge of industrial and city waste cause air pollution
f. use of coal in homes and industries create a serious problem in England in the 19th century ?

Q2. What measures were taken in order to resolve the problem ?
Ans. a. In industrial cities such as Leeds, Bradford and Manchesters, hundreds of factory chimneys threw black smoke into the skies.
b. People joked that most inhabitants of these cities grew up believing that the skies were grey and all vegetation was black.
c. Shopkeepers, homeowners and others complained about the black for that descended on their towns causing bad tempers, smoke- related illness and dirty clothes.
Measures :-
a. By the 1840s, a few towns such as Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws to
Control smoke in the city.
b. Smoke abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 were important measures taken in
order to resolve the problem, but the factory workers rarely followed rules
sincerely and the problem continued.

Q3. Discuss the history of air pollution in Calcutta.
Ans. a. Its inhabitants inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter.
c. Since the city was built on marshy land, the resulting fog combioned with smoke to generate thick black smog.
d. Due to huge population there was a high level of pollution .
e. Use of dung and wood as fuel in the daily life also caused pollution.
f. The main pollutants were the industries and establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
g. In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk instead of coal .Then residents started complaining that the air is filled up with black soot which falls like drizzling rain from morning till night.

Q4. Why has city life always been attractive to those seeking freedom and opportunity
Ans. a. City life symbolized freedom from the collective social values which people were compelled to follow in their villages.
b. There were numerous caste and community rules in the rural set up which loosed when people moved to cities.
c. People were more free and they carried new ways of living.
d. The Public transport system and multi-storeyed housing loosened traditional regulations and people learned to live in multi-ethinic and multi-cultural environment brought from different places by migrants to the city.
e. The city symbolize self made people who come here to pursue their dreams.

1 marks questions.
Q1. What were ‘tavern’ ?
Q2. Compare London and Bombay as modern cities.
Q3. Name the novel of Durgacharan Roy .
Q4. When did industrial revolution start in England ?
Q5. Name two big Industrial cities of England.
Q6. Define ‘Tenement’.
Q7. Who were ‘Philanthropist’ ?
Q8. When and where the world’s first section of the Underground railway started ?
Q9. Name the three Presidency cities of India.
Q10. When did the first cotton mill start in Bombay ?
Q11. Name the first film Indian film.
Q12. Name two writers related to Indian film industries.
Q13. What are two metropolis ? Write three features of Metropolis.
3 marks questions.
Q14. Why the population of London expanded from the middle of the 18th century onward. ?
Q15. Discuss the harmful effects of rise of cities.
Q16. Give three effects of industrial revolution on social life.
Q17. Give three causes of rise in population of Bombay in the mid of 19th century.
Q18. Write four advantages of underground railway in London.
Q19. Name five main type of industries in London to provide employment.
Q20. Distinguish between village and cities.
Q21. What was temperance movement ? Explain


CH-8 HIST. NOVELS,SOCIETYAND HISTORY
1. How did people have easier access to books?

• Technological improvements (printing press)
• Hiring out of novels
• Circulating libraries
• Innovation in market


2. What are the reasons for popularity of novels?
• Private reading
• Discussion
• Carried to different world

3. Write about Hard Times in which Charles Dickens wrote about the effects of industrialization?

• About industrial coke town
• Workers had no identity
• Workers were treated as simple instruments of production

4. Write about themes of Oliver Twist, where Dickens focused on terrible urban life?
• Shows terrible conditions of urban life under industrial capitalization.
• Oliver described as poor orphan
• Oliver was adapted by a wealthy man

5. Write about Emile Zola’s Germinal?
• Described life of young miner in France, harsh details of his life
• Ends on a note of despair
• Strike hero fails ,hopes are shattered

6. Write a note on Thomas Hardy’s Mayor of Caster bridge?
• About Michael Henchard , a grain merchant who became mayor
• Independent minded man, own style in business
• No match for Donald Fa Rfrae who runs his business
• Mourns the loss of more personalized world

7. How did women get involved in reading novels in 18th century?
• Orthodox of society
• Development of middle class
• Got more time to read and write
• Novels related to life

8. Describe about the theme of Jane Austin ‘Pride and Prejudice’?
• Encouraged women to look for good marriages and find wealthy husbands
• Gives a glimpse of world of women in gentle rural society in Britain
• Shows behavior of characters pre-occupied with marriage and money

9. Describe the theme of Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Bronte?
• About revolutionary young girl who defy the customs of that time
• Tells the way a girl should behave in English aristocratic society
• Sympathies with rebellious women readers

10. Describe the role of novel for young boys?
• Idealized a new type of man (powerful, independent)
• Full of adventure, set in places remote from Europe
• Colonizers were made to appear heroic and honorable

11. Describe how novel promoted Colonialism?
• Colonisers were made to appear heroic who confronted native people
• Showed English courage by concurring strange land
• Many historical event and military action witnessed by young boys

12. Give examples of prose writings done in ancient and medieval India?
• Banabhatta’s Kadambari , written in Sanskrit in 7th century
• Panchtantra by Vishnu Sharma
• Long tradition of prose tales in Persian and Urdu , known as Dastan

13. Give a brief history of novels in south India?
• English novels were translated into South Indian language
• Eg. Chandu Menon tried to translate an English novel called Henrietta temple
• Readers were not familiar with the life style of English people
• Started writing their original novels

14. Write a short note on theme Indulekha written by O. Chandu Menon?
• Tells how to accept ideas coming from the west without losing one’s identity
• Concerned marriage practices of upper castes Hindus in Kerela about the Nambuthiri Brahmins and the Nayars.
• Nayar wanted new laws regarding marriage and property

15. Describe the theme of Pariksha Guru?
• Reflected the inner and outer world of the newly emerging middle class
• Cautioned young men against influence of bad company
• Teach the reader right way to live , be wise and practical with dignity
• All must be achieved without sacrificing the traditional values of middle class

16. Describe the aspects of Premchand’s novels which makes him very special?
1) All kinds of characters from all levels of society.
2) Women characters are strong.
3) Characters create community based on democratic values.

17. Write a note on Oriya novels?
1) First novel was by Ramshankar Roy.
2) Major novel was Chaa Mana Atha Guntha by Fakir Mohan Senapati.
3) It dealt with the question of land and its possession.
4) It could make rural issues an important part of urban preoccupation.

18. Write about different types of novels which became famous in Bengal?
1) Novels located in past, their characters, event.
2) Domestic novels.
3) Novel patronized public forms of entertainment.
4) Novels relished for its language.

19. How did colonial rulers make use of novel in administration?
1) Novels as valuable source of information on native life and customs for governing Indian society.
2) Novel had description of domestic life of Indian which helped them to frame laws.

20. Describe the role of women in novel writing?
1) Began to write in some language.
2) Early creations were poem, essay and autobiographical pieces.
3) It allowed new conception of womanhood.
4) Began to write stories. Rokeya Hossein , a reformer, wrote a satiric fantasy in English called ‘Sultana’s Dream’.


21. Role of Rakaya Hussain. Describe?
1) Wrote a satiric fantasy in English. “Sultana’s Dream
2) Started a girl’s school in Calcutta.
3) Inspired women. Her novel ‘Padmarag’ also showed the need for women to reform their condition by their own actions.

22. Write the theme of Saraswati Vijayam?
Potheri Kunjambu, a lower caste writer from north Kerala . wrote this novel, in 1892,
1) It mounted a strong attack on caste oppression.
2) About a man from an untouchable caste who became the judge in local court.
3) the judge reveal his true identity, and the Nambuthiri repents and reform
4) Stress on importance of education.

23. Write the theme of Titash Ekti Nadir Naam?
It was written by Advaita Malla Burman.
1) Depicted the lives of peasant & low caste.
2) An epic about Mallas a community of fisher folk.
3) Describes the community life of the Mallas and the oppression of the upper caste
4) Mallas start fighting amongst themselves as new cultural influences

24. Describe the role of Basheer in novel writing?
1) Wrote in Malayalam.
2) Wrote novels with wonderful humor.
3) Novels spoke about details from the everyday life of Muslim households.
4) His works based on rich personal experience. He wrote about poverty, insanity and life in prison.

25. How did novel produced a sense of Pan Indian belonging?
1) Imagined the nation full of adventure, heroism, romance & scarifies. Ex. Written about Marathas and Rajputs
2) Bhudeb Mukhopadhyay’s ‘Anguriya Binimoy’ wrote the character of Shivaji
3) Various classes were included which focused on Unity in diversity
4) Reveal the problems of thinking about the nation.
5) Bankim’s ‘Anandmath inspired many kinds of freedom fighters

26. Write about Godan?
1) Work of Munshi Premchand published in 1956.
2) Depicts the life of Indian peasant.
3) Tells the story of Hori and his wife Dhania, a peasant couple.
4) About oppression of landloards and money landers in society.
5) Yet Hori and Dhania retain their dignity to the end.

27. Write about Rang bhoomi?
1) Main character Surdas from untouchable caste.
2) Novel shows the lives of the most oppressed section of society
3) About industrialization & its impact on society & people.
4) Surdas struggling against the forcible takeover of his land for establishing a tobacco factory.
5) Surdas was inspired by Gandhi’s personality and ideas.

28. Discuss the importance of novel in history?
1) Women expressed their feeling.
2) People came to know about their society.
3) Explore how different groups begin to question or reflect upon their identies.
4) Focus on lives of those who are literate & middle class.

29. Give reasons for the popularity of novels?
1) Cheaper than manuscript.
2) Translation of novel.
3) Novels are about real life.
4) Readers enjoyed the pleasure of reading.

CHAPTER 1 CIVICS POWER SHARING
1. Describe about Sri Lankan ethnic composition. What were the steps led by Sri Lankans for majoritarianism? What were the results of this rule?
ANS. Ethnic composition of SRI LANKA was
-Sinhala speakers (74%) mostly were Buddhists
-Tamil speakers (18%) mostly were Hindus and Muslims
-Both speakers (7%) mostly were Christians
Steps for majoritarian rule:
-recognizing Sinhala as official language
-fostered Buddhism
-preferential policies in jobs and higher education.
-denying of political rights
The results were:
-Civil wars
-demands for separate state
-formation of LTTE
-demand for recognition of language
-demand for equality.

2. What is the ethnic composition of Belgium? What steps were followed to accommodate Belgium?
Ans. Ethnic composition of Belgium was
-Dutch speaking people (59%)
-French speaking people (40%)
-German speaking people (1%)
Accommodation in Belgium:
-Equal representation of each group in Central government.
-State govt. was not subordinate to Central govt.
-Equal representation in Brussels govt.
-Community govt. held powers regarding culture, education and language

3. Explain different forms of power sharing.
Ans. Different forms of power sharing (P.S) are:
-Horizontal P.S or P.S among the organs of the government- Executive, Legislature and Judiciary
-Vertical P.S or P.S on different levels (FEDERALISM)
-P.S between social groups- Religious and Linguistic groups
-P.S between Political Parties, Pressure groups, Movements

4. Describe horizontal and vertical power sharing.
Ans. Horizontal P.S:
-P.S among different organs of govt.
-Organs at same levels exercise different powers
-Also known as ‘Arrangement of Checks and Balances’
Vertical P.S:
-P.S at different levels- provincial, state, central
-Also known as ‘Federalism’
-Usually dual polity is followed.

5. How power is shared among different political parties, pressure groups and movements? Compare Belgium and India.
Ans. P.S among various political parties, pressure groups and movements:
-Competition among political parties
-formation of Coalition govt.
- pressure groups and movements influence decision making
-Participation in governmental committees

In India,
-Right to speech is the tool of Pressure groups
-There are various political parties with varying ideologies
-Community government put pressure on Central govt. in Belgium

6. How is the power shared among different social groups? Give cases of Belgium and India.

Ans. P.S among social groups:
-Some countries have constitutional and legal arrangements
-they give space to the weaker sections in the govt.
-Accommodate social diversities
-Social groups lead to ‘reserved constituencies’

In India,
-there is no permission for any majoritarian rule
-there is reserved constituency for weaker sections
In Belgium,
-there exists a community govt. It has various powers

CHAPTER 2 CIVICS FEDERALISM
1. Explain the key features of federalism.
Ans. Key features of federalism are:
-More than one level of government
-Follows dual polity
-each level has its Own Jurisdiction
-Authority of each tier is guaranteed
-changes cannot be brought unilaterally
-Courts can interpret constitution and resolve disputes
-Sources of Revenue is Specified
-Motto- promote national unity and regional disintegrity

2. Describe the 2 types of federation in the countries with examples.
Ans. 2 types of govt. are:
Coming Together
-Independent states come together
-increase sincerity by pooling sovereignty
- E.g. are U.S.A, Switzerland, and Australia
Holding Together
-Country divides into states
-E.g. are India, Spain, and Belgium
3. Explain the three fold distribution of legislative powers between the union and state govt.
Ans. Three fold distribution of legislative powers:
-Union list
- Powers of national interest
-Has 92 subjects

-State list
-Powers of state interest
-Has 66 subjects
-Concurrent list
-Powers of both national and state interest
-has 47 subjects
Residual powers
-Latest powers e.g. computer science under the Union

4. Explain the role of judiciary in federal form of govt. in India.
Ans. Roles of judiciary in Federal India:
-Oversees the implementation of constitutional provisions, procedures
-Resolves disputes
-Interprets constitution
-Alter the powers of different tiers
5. How is federalism practised? Explain in 4 points.
Ans. Federalism in India:
-3 tier system
-Own jurisdiction for tiers
-Language policy and Linguistic states
-Decentralization of Powers
6. Language policy works as the basis of Indian federation. Explain.
-No recognition to any language as national language
-22 languages have been recognized as scheduled languages
-candidate can opt for any language in exams
-formation of linguistic states
7. Explain major steps for decentralization in 1992.
Ans. Major Steps taken were:
-Permission to hold regular elections at local levels
-Reservations for women, S.T, S.C, and OBC.
-Creation of state election commission
-Sharing of powers of state with local bodies
8. India is federal in form but unitary in spirit. Explain.
Ans. India is federal as it has:
-3-tier system
-linguistic states
-decentralization of powers
India is unitary in spirit as:
-Union govt. rules at times of emergency
- Union govt. rules at times of concurrent disputes
-Parliamentary decisions are abided by all
- Union govt. rules at times of residual disputes
-Union list has more subjects.
CHAPTER-3 DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY
Q-1. What was ‘Civil Rights Movement’ in United States? Explain.
ANS. a) 1954-1968 by Martin Luther King Jr.
b) For abolishing legal racial discrimination against African -Americans.
c) Practiced non -violent methods.
d) Was against racially discriminatory laws and practices.
Q-2. Who are African-Americans? Give examples.
ANS. a) descendants of Africans.
b) Other similar terms:- Afro-American, black American or black.
c) Were brought into America as slaves b/w 17th& early 19th century
d) for example Carlos and smith
Q-3 Define black power.
ANS. a) Emerged in 1966 and lasted till 1975
b) Anti- racist movement
c) Violent if necessary
d) To end racism in US
Q-4. What are the factors for the origin of the social difference?
ANS. a) difference by birth
b) Difference by choice Ex- by profession
c) Difference by circumstances Ex rich and poor
d) Difference by situation Ex.Physical Handicapt
Q-5. Explain Homogeneous Society.
ANS. a) Society with similar kind of people
b) No significant ethnic differences
c) for example Germany and Sweden
Q-6. Define Migrant.
ANS. a) shifts from one region to another
b) From one country to another
c) Usually for work or other economic opportunities
d) Leads to formation multicultural country
Q-7. Explain the 3 determiners which decide the outcome of politics of social division.
ANS.a) How is the Perception by people of their identities
b) How are the Demands of political leaders
c) How is the Reaction of government
Q-8 Differentiate between overlapping and cross cutting difference? Do both lead social division? Give reason.
ANS.Overlapping Cross cutting
a) One difference overlaps the another a) Difference cross cut each other
b) Increases the social division b) Decreases the social division
c) Not resolved by a third party c) Can be resolved by a third party No, both don’t lead to social division as :-
a) In cross cutting all groups have disadvantages and they match equal points.
b) In overlapping one group has more disadvantage than other and thus division occur.
Q-9. When does the social difference become social division?
ANS. a) Overlapping of differences
b) People identify negatively
c) Negative role of the politicians
d) Government if does not act according to demand, the government or society uproots.
Q-10. How do politics affect social division?
ANS.a) Politicizationof social issues
b) Holding caste/ religion based campaign
c) Government becomes partial towards the community
d) Politicians resolved the division and accommodate the community
Q-11. How does social division affect politics?
ANS.a) Politicians entertain demands of different social groups
b) Voting becomes caste/religion based
c) Social groups pressurize politicians for the development of their group
Q-12. Some people conclude that social division and politics should not be mixed. Debate on this.
ANS.For the motion
a) Leads to improper functioning of government
b) Brings the sense of insecurity and inequality
c) Struggle by social community becomes violent
d) Favors discrimination
Against the motion
a) Leads to upliftment
b) Leads to development of different social groups
c) All religions develop instead only the majority
d) Grievances of the disadvantaged communities reduce


Civics Ch IV GENDER, CASTE AND RELIGION

Q1) Explain the concept of sexual division of labour with example. What are the results of this concept?
Sexual division of labour is a system in which all work inside the home is either done by the women of the family, or organised by them through domestic help. E.g. - cooking, washing clothes etc done by a women.
Results-
Women’s face disadvantage and discrimination.
Many girls are not sent to school.
Women earn less than men.

Q2) Define ‘feminist’. Which movements are called feminist movements?
A woman or a man who believes in equal rights and opportunities for women and men is called feminist.
Movements demand to enhance the political and legal status of women and improving their educational and career opportunities. These movements are called FEMINIST movements.

Q3) Define a patriarchal society. What are the impacts of this society on women?
Patriarchal society is used to refer to a society that values men more and gives them power over women.
Effects are-
The literacy rate among women is only 54 per cent compared with 76 percent among men.
 The proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small.
 The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work. However in almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men.
 In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born. Such sex-selective abortion led to a decline in child sex ratio.

Q4) ‘Women face disadvantages, discrimination and oppression in many ways.’ Explain.
 Parents prefer to spend their resources for their boys’ education rather than spending equally on their sons and daughters.
 Indian woman works one hour more than an average man every day. Yet much of her work is not paid and therefore often not valued.
 In many parts of India parents prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted before she is born.
 In almost all areas of work, from sports and cinema, to factories and fields, women are paid less than men, even when both do exactly the same work.

Q5) 33% reservation for women has been pending in the parliament for more than two decades. Explain why.
No support from ministers’ side.
Major political parties do not have agreement over this issue which presides in the parliament.
No strong women demand

Q6) According to Gandhi Ji, religion can never be separated from politics. Explain.
 What he meant by religion was not any particular religion like Hinduism or Islam but moral values that inform all religions. He believed that politics must be guided by ethics drawn from religion.
It is necessary for politics to be involved so as to protect the religious minorities.
Since religious communities also have their own demands, the also contribute to law making.

Q7) What is the argument of the groups about communal riots?
Human rights groups in our country have argued that most of the victims of communal riots in our country are people from religious minorities. They have demanded that the government take special steps to protect religious minorities.

Q8) What are family Laws? Give examples.
Those laws that deal with family related matters such as marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, etc. In our country, different family laws apply to followers of different religions.
E.g. – Laws followed by in marriage, Hindus are different from that of Muslims.

Q9) Define communalism.
When one religious community tries to develop itself at the cost of other communities which leads to fight and destruction called communalism.
This happens when beliefs of one religion are presented as superior to those of other religions, when the demands of one religious group are formed in opposition to another and when state power is used to establish domination of religious group over the rest. This manner of using religion in politics is communal politics.

Q10) Communalism can take various forms in politics. Explain.
 These routinely involve religious prejudices, stereotypes of religious communities and belief in the superiority of one’s religion over other religions.
 A communal mind often leads to a quest for political dominance of one’s own religious community.
 Political mobilisation on religious lines is another frequent form of communalism.
 Sometimes communalism takes its most ugly form of communal violence, riots and massacre.

Q11) Write the features of communal politics.
 Involves thinking along the following lines. The followers of a particular religion must belong to one community. Their fundamental interests are the same. Any difference that they may have is irrelevant or trivial for community life.
Can take various forms {explain...}
Q12) India is a secular state. Explain.
 There is no official religion for the Indian state. Unlike the status of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, that of Islam in Pakistan and that of Christianity in England, our Constitution does not give a special status to any religion.
 The Constitution provides to all individuals and communities freedom to profess, practice and propagate any religion, or not to follow any.
 The Constitution prohibits discrimination on grounds of religion.
 Constitution allows the state to intervene in the matters of religion in order to ensure equality within religious communities.
Q13) Who were the outcasts in our History?
People who were subjected to the inhuman practices and were discriminated were the ‘out castes’. E.g. Dalits.

Q14) The old notions of caste hierarchy are breaking down.Why?
Economic development
 Large scale URBANISATION
 Growth of literacy and education
 OCCUPATIONAL MOBILITY
The weakening of the position of landlords in the villages

Q15) Caste can take various forms in politics. Explain.
 When parties choose candidates in elections, they keep in mind the caste composition of the electorate and nominate candidates from different castes so as to muster necessary support to win elections.
 Political parties and candidates in elections make appeals to caste sentiment to muster support. Some political parties are known to favour some castes and are seen as their representatives.
 Universal adult franchise and the principle of one-person-one-vote compelled political leaders to gear up to the task of mobilising and securing political support.

Q16) ‘Elections are all about caste’ is far from truth. Explain.
 No parliamentary constituency in the country has a clear majority of one single caste.
 No party wins the votes of all the voters of a caste or community.
 Many political parties may put up candidates from the same caste (if that caste is believed to dominate the electorate in a particular constituency).
 The ruling party and the sitting MP or MLA frequently lose elections in our country. That could not have happened if all castes and communities were frozen in their political preferences.

Q17) ‘It is not politics that gets caste ridden, it is the caste that gets politicised.’ Explain.
 Each caste group tries to become bigger by incorporating within it neighbouring castes or sub-castes which were earlier excluded from it.
 Various caste groups are required to enter into a coalition with other castes or communities and thus enter into a dialogue and negotiation.
 New kinds of caste groups have come up in the political arena like ‘backward’ and ‘forward’ caste groups.

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