Making Of the Global World
1. Food – an example of long distance culture exchange
· Spaghetti and noodles
· Pasta
· Foods in India
· Dependence on potato
· Discovery of India
2. The most powerful weapon of Spanish consequences
· Germs of smallpox
· No immunity
· Spread of disease
· Way for conquest
3. Why thousand fled from Europe to America?
· Poverty ad hunger
· Overcrowded cities
· Deadly disease
· Religious conflicts
4. Flows within international economic exchange
· Flows of trade
· Flows of capital
· Flows of Labour
5. Corn Laws: Pressure from landed groups- restricted import of corn
Effects
· Industrialists- unhappy with corn law- corn produced less-prices increased.
· Peasants were unhappy- land utilized- good sum of money.
· Urban dwellers were unhappy.
6. Role of Technology
· Railways, steamships and telegraph
· Technological advances
7. Problems in carrying live animals on ships
· Lot of space
· Died in voyage
· Became unfit
8. Advantages of carrying slaughtered animals
· Reduced shipping costs
· Lowered meat prices
· More varied diet
9. Methods to recruit African labour by Europeans
· Imposing heavy taxes
· Changing inheritance laws
· Rinderpest: It was a cattle disease.
10. What was it? How it reached Africa? Why?
· Carried by infected cattle from British Asia to feed the Italian soldiers
· Reached Africa’s Atlantic Coast in 1892.
Effects:-
· Lass of cattle- destruction of African livelihoods
· Monopoly over scare resources
· Control over cattle.
11. Uses of Britain’s trade surplus with India
· Balancing trade deficits
· Play ‘home charges’
· Pay interests
12. Significance of World War 1
· Use of modern weapons/ First modern industrial war
· Large number of solders from around World
· Large transportation
· Massive destruction
13. Effects of 1st World war
· Mass death and destruction
· Reduction in workforce of Europe
· Restructuring of industries
· Reorganization of society
.
14. Effects of Economic Boom(during war)
· Production increased
· Employment increased
15. Methods followed by Henry ford for mass production.
· Assembly line
· Doubling wages
· Banning trade unions
16. Impacts of Assembly line method
· Copying in Europe
· Low cost and prices
· More affordability
· Mass production
· Demand for work increased
17. Factors for great depression
· Agriculture overproduction
· Loans from US
· Withdrawal of US loans
18. Effects of Great depression on India
· Halved import and export
· Prices crashed
· Indebt ness of peasants and farmers
· Refusal for reduction in revenue
19. How peasants coped up with GD?
· Increased peasants indebt ness
· Used their savings
· Mortgaged lands
· Sold jewellary
20. Lessons for USA from inter- war economic experience
· Mass production by full employment
· Economic links with outside world
21. Influences that shaped post- war reconstruction
· US dominance
· Dominance of the Soviet union
22. Aims of Bretton wood system
· Role IMF
· Role of world bank
23. Effects of Bretton woods system
· Growth of incomes and trade
· Stale growth
· Spread of technology and enterprises
24. Factors for end of Bretton woods system
· Rising cost of overseas involvement
· No command of US dollars
· Focus over developing countries
· Fixed exchange rate
25. Factors helping China a position in World Market
· Low wages, cheap labour
· Low cost structure of Chinese goods
· Hardworking workers
26. After corn laws scrapped – effects on Britain
· British agriculture unable to compete
· Vast area remain uncultivated
· Unemployment
· Migration
27. Role of Silk route in Globalization
· Connecting the Word
· Trade and commence
· Culture exchange
28. Role of conquest in globalization
· Industries
· Introduction of English language
· Exchange of knowledge
· Establishment of Railways
29. What were the ancient or pre-modern factors which helped in globalization
· Travelers
· Traders
· Priests and Pilgrims
· Germs and disease
30. 3 types of Flows
· Flow of trade
· Flow of labour
· Flow of capital
31. How a global agriculture economy took place
· Flow of trade
· Flow of labour
· Flow of capital
32. Factors which led to making of a global world
· Railways
· Telegraph
· Steam ships
· Internet
33. Effects of reinterprets
· Rest ruction of cattle
· Destruction of livelihood
· Monopolization of cattles
· Conquering part of Africa
THE MAKING OF THE GLOBAL WORLD
1 mark question
Q.1 what is globalisation ?
Q.2 how globalisation was carried in ancient times ?
Q.3 what do you understand by ‘cowries’ ?
Q.4 how silk route got its name ?
Q.5 which area did the silk route joined ?
Q.6 how can say that silk route helped in cultural exchange ? ( any 2 point)
Q.7 how america entered the world of food exchange ?
Q.8 what is ‘the fabled city of gold’ ?
Q.9 how the spanish conqured america ?
Q.10 who is dissenter ?
Q.11 what is ‘corns law’ ?
Q.12 in which countries the lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the british demand ?
Q.13 mention the areas from where indentured labours were taken ?
Q.14 in early 20th century the main product of the trade , 60% of the trade , compramised what ?
Q.15 what is the advantages of refrigarated ships ?
Q.16 from where the animals were collected to be slaughtered ?
Q.17 where the big european powers met in 1885 to complete the carving up of africa between them ?
Q.18 why some countries in africa have straight borders ?
Q.19 what is rinderpest ?
Q.20 what was the problem of europeans in africa ?
Q.21 what were the hopes of europe in africa ?
Q.22 what attracted europe ?
Q.23 what were the steps taken by european , before rinderpest came to tackle the problem of less workers ?
Q.24 when rinderpest arrived in africa ?
Q.25 how rinderpest came to africa ?
Q.26 what was the main aim of the europeans to do so ?
Q.27 who is an indentured labour ?
Q.28 from where in india the indentured labours were taken ?
Q.29 what were the main destinations of the indian indentured labourers ?
Q.30 what were the false information given to the workers ?
Q.31 what do you understand by ‘new system of slavery’ ?
Q.32 what is hossay ?
Q.33 what do you mean by rasta farianism ?
Q.34 what is chutney music ?
Q.35 how indentured labourers are connected to globalisation ?
Q.36 why do the indians , shivnarine chanderpaul and ramnaresh sarwan play for west indies ?
Q.37 when was the process of indenturing labours abolished ?
Q.38 who are the shikaripuri shroffs ?
Q.39 who are nattukottai chettiars ?
Q.40 which entrepreneur ventured beyond the colonies of europe ?
Q.41 ‘british had a trade surplus with india’. What do you mean by trade surplus here ?
Q.42 which was the first modern industrial war ?
Q.43 during the first world war which , who were allies and who were central powers ?
Q.44 after the first world war , which was the only country in the war , which was gaining instead of loosing ?
Q.45 henry ford adapted the assembly line of which slaughter house ?
Q.46 where henry ford setup its new car plant ?
Q.47 which model of car did henry ford made ?
Q.48 which was world’s first mass produced car ?
Q.49 why henry ford doubled the wages of workers ?
Q.50 why henry ford banned trade unions ?
Q.51 what were worst affected by the great depression ?
Q.52 why urban india was safe from depression ?
Q.53 who were the axis powers and allied powers during the second world war ?
Q.54 what were the two realisation of america ?
Q.55 what were the two crucial influences that shaped post-war re-construction?
Q.56 what is bretton woods institution ?
Q.57 which two institutions were established by the bretton wood institution ?
Q.58 what is tariff ?
Q.59 what is fixed exchange rate ?
Q.60 what is floating exchange rate ?
Q.61 why bretton woods institution began to shift their attention more towards developing countries instead of developed countries in 1950’s ?
Q.62 what do you understand by nieo ?
Q.63 what were the aims of g-77 ?
Q,64 why did system of fixed exchange rate collpsed ?
Q.65 why most of the tv’s , mobile phones , and toys in market are made in china ?
Q.66 what are exchange rate ?
Chapter-4 ( The Making of a Global World)
1. Globalization
2. Cowries
3. Silk Route
4. Spaghetti
5. Columbus
6. American Indians
7. Potato crisis
8. El Dorado
9. Colonialism
10. Religious Dissenters
11. Three flows
12. Corns law
13. Lighter wagons
14. Refrigerated ships
15. Rienderpest
16. Plantation
17. Indentured labour
18. Caribbean island
19. Fiji
20. Hosay
21. Chutney music
22. Rastafarianism
23. V.S.Naipal
24. Shivnarine Chanderpaul
25. Ramnaresh Sarwan
26. Shikaripuri shroff
27. Nattukotai chetiars
28. Hyderabadi sindhi traders
29. Tariff
30. Trade surplus
31. Multi lateral settlement system
32. Home charges
33. First world war
34. Allies
35. Central power
36. Economic power
37. Henry Ford
38. Deteroit
39. T-model ford cars
40. Assembly line meathod
41. Mass production
42. Great depression
43. Agricultural overproduction
44. Indebtness
45. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
46. World bank
47. Second world war
48. Axis powers
49. Bretten wood conference
50. Exchange rates
51. Fixed exchange rates
52. Floating exchange rates
53. Group-77 (G-77)
54. New International Economic Order (NIEO)
55. Multi National Company (MNC)
POWER SHARING
1)Ethnic composition in Belgium –
q In country: Dutch speaking –59%
French speaking – 40%
German speaking – 1%
q In capital: Dutch speaking- 20%
French speaking- 80%
2) Majoritarian measures to establish supremacy by Singhala over Tamil –
q Act of 1956 –Singhala became the official language
q Government policies – Favouring singhala groups
q New constitution –protect & foster Buddhism
3) Effects on Tamils of Majoritarian rule -
q Feeling of alienation among Sri Lankan Tamils
q No recognition of language & culture
q No equal political rights
q Discrimination in jobs & opportunities
4) Demands of tamilians -
q Recognition of Tamil language as official
q Regional autonomy
q Equality of opportunities
q Independent state or Tamil Eelam
5) Steps taken by tamils to fulfill their demands –
q Formation of several political organizations
q Long term movement
q Use of Violent activities
6) Result of the conflict –
q Relationship strained
q Civil war
q Death of many people
q Terrible setback to social ,cultural and economic life of the country
7) Accommodation in Belgium –
q Equal ministerial seals in central government
q Equal representation in state i.e. Brussels government
q Power sharing among central & state government
q Formation of community government
8) Power sharing is desirable –
q Reduce conflict
q Political stability
q Unity of nation
q Spirit of democracy
Prudential reasons - stress that power sharing will bring better outcomes
Moral reasons – emphasis the very act of power sharing as valuable
9) Forms of power sharing –
q Among different organs of government
Same level - legislative
- Executive
- Judiciary
· Horizontal distribution
· Limited powers
q Among government at different level
· Different level
· - central level
· State level
· Local level
· Vertical division
· Federal government
q Among different social groups
· Religious groups
· Linguistic groups
· Socially weaker section
· Women
q Among political parties & pressure groups
· Political parties through competition
· Coalition government
· Interest groups through movements
FEDERALISM
1) Federalism- It is a system of government in which the power is divided between a central authority & various constituent units
Two system of govt.: -
q Unitary system
· One level of govt.
· No distribution of Power
· Local govt. is subordinate to center
q Federal system
· Division of power
· Three levels of govt.
· Constituent units are Independent
2) Features of federalism -
· Two or more levels of govt.
· Level have their own jurisdiction
· Constitutionally specified jurisdictions
· Consent of levels of govt. For changes in power
· Court interpret the constitution & solve disputes
· Specified source of revenue for tiers
· Dual objectives - to safeguard & promote unity
- Accommodate regional diversity
3) Forms of Federalism –
q Coming together federation
· Independent states come together
· Form bigger unit
· Increase security
· Share equal power
· For ex. – USA, Australia, Switzerland
q Holding together federation
· Bigger unit divide the power
· Form stats & national govt.
· Easy administration
· Unequal power sharing
· For ex. – India, Belgium
4) Three fold distribution of legislative powers
q Union list
· 97 subjects
· e.g. defence, banking, foreign affairs, communications , currency
· Under union govt.
q State list
· 66 subjects
· e.g. police ,trade ,commerce
· under state government
o Concurrent list
§ 47 subjects
§ e.g. education ,forest ,marriage ,adoption
§ under state & union govt.
5) Federalism practiced
q Linguistic states
· Old states vanished
· Formation of new states on the basis of common language
· Easy administration
q Language policy
· Hindi as official language
· Protect scheduled language
· States have their own official language
q Centre – state relations
· Separate power to centre & state govt.
· Independent powers
· Coalition govt.
6) Basic ideas behind decentralization
q For better accommodation in local areas
q to get better idea to spend money for efficient management
q Democratic participation
q Active participation
q For knowledge of problems
q To lessen the responsibilities over other two govts.
7) Steps taken in1992 in the third tier of govt.
q Regular election
q Reservation of seats for scheduled
q 1/3 seats are reserved for women
q Conduct panchayat & municipal election
q Share of power & revenue of state with local govt. bodies
8) Structure of local self-government
q Gram panchayat
· Elected by 18+ population
· Headed by sarpanch
· Rural local govt.
q Block samiti
· Group of gram panchayat
· Elected by panchayat members
· Headed by BDO
q Zila (district) parishad
· Group of samitis
· MLAs are also its member
· Headed by DM or Chairperson
q In urban centres
· In towns, municipalities are set up, headed by municipal chairperson
· In cities, municipal cooperation are constituted, headed by Mayor
9) Limits in local self –government
· Gram sabhas are not held regularly
· Mostly states do not transfer their specific power
· Not given adequate resources to local bodies
· Male dominance in panchayati raj over women
Democracy and Diversity
Q1 – Story from Mexico Olympics 1968.
1) Medal ceremony: 200m 2 men standing with clenched fists upraised and heads bowed.
2) Symbolized Black Power.
3) Civil rights movement in US.
4) Faced criticism and medal taken away.
Q2 – Factors for the origin of social differences.
1) Accident of birth.
2) On choices.
3) Wealth
4) Profession
Q3 – Every social differences dose not lead to social division.
1) Share differences and cutting across each other.
2) Same caste different religion feels close.
3) Cultural unity through globalization.
4) Nationalism.
Q4 Overlapping differences.
1) Difference of a community that overlaps each other.
2) Social division
3) Difficult to accommodate
4) E.g.- northern Ireland
Q5- Cross- cutting differences.
1) Difference cross cut each other.
2) May or may not lead to social division.
3) Easy to accommodate.
4) E.g.- Netherlands.
Against
1) Communalism.
2) Political instability.
3) Society division.
Q6- Factors deciding outcome of politics of social division.
1) How people perceive their identity.
2) How leader raised their demand.
3) Government reaction to the demands.
4) Accommodation in society.
Chapter – 4
GENDER , RELIGION AND CASTE
Q1- Hierarchical social division.
Women
1) To look after their children.
2) Domestic work.
3) Outside work.
4) Office. (middle class women)
Men
1) Official work.
2) Paid domestic work.
Q2 Result of this division.
1) Participation in public affairs.
2) Equal rights for women.
3) Educational and career opportunities.
4) Equality in personal and family life.
5) Good position in society.
Q3- Discrimination faced by women.
1) Literacy rate.
2) Working ratio.
3) Equal wages act.
4) Sex ratio.
Q4- Women’s political representation.
1) Lok sabha - less than 10%
2) State assembly - less then 5%
3) Cabinet minister - dominated by man
4) Rural government - 1/3 seats for women
Q5- Short note on women bill
Reason
1) Rise of interest of women
2) Ideas of democracy
3) Empowerment of women.
4) To reduce violence against women
Q6- Reason for pending in parliament till now
1) Male dominance
2) Government impractical
3) No demand from all women group
4) High opposition by conservative
Q7- Gandhi says religion can not be separated from politics explain?
1) Religion refers to moral values.
2) Politics must be guided by ethics drawn
3) Division should not be on the name of religion
Q8- Features of communalism
1) Based on idea of religions superiority
2) Followers must belong to one community
3) People following different religion can not live in one nation
4) People following various religion can not belong to same community
Q9- Various forms of cast in politics
1) Caste based candidate
2) Caste based campaigning
3) Caste based demand raised
4) Caste based voting
Q10- Election are all about cast and nothing else say against
1) No majority by clear single cast
2) No party win vote of all people in same caste
3) Different party choosing candidates belong to same cast
4) Ruling party lose election frequently .
Democracy and diversity
civics – 1 mark questions
ch – 3
Q1. What is meant by‘civil rights movement’ in u.s.a.?
Q2. In 1968, at which place olympics were held?
Q3. In which event; tommie smith , john carlos and peter norman participated?
Q4. Who are known as african-americans? Name two persons who participated in the olympics , who’re afro-americans.
Q5. Who were the three persons who won gold,silver and bronze medals in the event?
Q6. Mention two similarities between tommie smith and john carlos?
Q7. Why tommie smith and john carlos received their medals wearing black socks and no shoes?
Q8. Wht do you understand by ‘black power’?
Q9. Why do you think peter norman who was neither black nor american,joined the gesture of protest?
Q10. What were the effects on the three , by their act?
Q11. Why norman was not allowed to participate in the next olympics?
Q12. Name the university that honoured the three participants and what did the university students do?
Q13. When norman died?
Q14. Mention the factors responsible for the origin of social differences?
Q15. What are overlapping social differences? Give an example.
Q16. What are cross cutting social differences? Give an example.
Q17. What is meant by ‘homogenous society’ ? Give an example.
Q18. Who are ‘migrants’?
Q19. What is the impact of migration (any one)?
Q20. Why do some people belonging to the same religious group often feel that they do not belong to the same community? Suggest two reasons.
Q21. United kingdom’s population is divided into how many major sects and mention it’s percentage also.
Q22. Mention the three factors that are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions.
Q23. What is the best way to fight for recognition and also to accommodate diversity?
Q24. Think of some examples of social discrimination in the field of sports?
Civics,
Ch – 4,
1 – Mark Qs.
· What are feminist movt.???????????
· What do u mean by sexual division of labour???????
· Patriarchal society????????
· What is the sex ratio of india??????????
· What are famoliy laws?????
· What do u mean by communalism?????
· Is india a secular state? Why?????
· Define urbanization?
· Occupational mobility?
· Caste heiarchy???????
· What do we cala person who does not discriminates others o the basis of religious biliefs?/\
· What do we call aperson who thinks that caste is the principal basis o community????????????
KEY WORDS OF CIVICS
CIVICS
Chapter-1 ( Power Sharing)
1. Power Sharing
2. Ethnic
3. Majoritarinism
4. Sinhalese
5. Tamils
6. Dutch
7. French
8. Regional autonomy
9. Equality of opportunity
10. Tamil eelam
11. Accommodation
12. Civil war
13. Community government
14. Prudential reason
15. Moral reason
16. Different organs of government
17. Government in different levels
18. Horizontal power sharing
19. Vertical power sharing
Chapter-2 ( Federalism)
1. Federation
2. Jurisdiction
3. Coming together government
4. Holding together government
5. Union list
6. State list
7. Concurrent list
8. Residuary list
9. Coalition government
10. Decentralization
11. Zila parishad
12. Municipal corporation
13. Municipality
14. Panchayat
15. Block / panchayat / mandal Samiti
16. State election commission
17. Chairperson
18. Mayor
19. Sarpanch
20. Self government
Chapter 3
1. Civil Rights Movement in USA
2. African American
3. The Black Power
4. Tommie Smith
5. John Carlos
6. Peter Norman
7. International Olympic Association
8. San Jose State University
9. Mexico
10. Black Poverty
11. Overlapping Differences
12. Cross Cutting Differences
13. Homogeneous Society
14. Migrants
15. Dalits
16. Northern Ireland
17. Racism
18. Social Division
19. Protestants
20. Roman Catholics
21. Minorities
22. Social Division
23. Migrants
24. Multicultural Committee
Chapter 4
1. Gender
2. Religion
3. Caste
4. Sexual Division Of Labour
5. Feminist
6. Stereotypes
7. Patriarchy
8. Equal Wage Act
9. Sex Ratio
10. Women’s Bill
11. Communalism
12. Gandhi’s Religion
13. Prejudices
14. Political Mobilization
15. Family Laws
16. Human Rights Group
17. Communal Violence
18. Secular State
19. Urbanization
20. Caste Hierarchy
21. Occupational Mobility
22. Castisim
23. Secularism
24. Communal Representation
25. Minorities
26. Untouchability
27. Universal Adult Franchise
n s@#�*= f � "Times New Roman"'> Dominance of the Soviet union22. Aims of Bretton wood system
· Role IMF
· Role of world bank
23. Effects of Bretton woods system
· Growth of incomes and trade
· Stale growth
· Spread of technology and enterprises
24. Factors for end of Bretton woods system
· Rising cost of overseas involvement
· No command of US dollars
· Focus over developing countries
· Fixed exchange rate
25. Factors helping China a position in World Market
· Low wages, cheap labour
· Low cost structure of Chinese goods
· Hardworking workers
26. After corn laws scrapped – effects on Britain
· British agriculture unable to compete
· Vast area remain uncultivated
· Unemployment
· Migration
27. Role of Silk route in Globalization
· Connecting the Word
· Trade and commence
· Culture exchange
28. Role of conquest in globalization
· Industries
· Introduction of English language
· Exchange of knowledge
· Establishment of Railways
29. What were the ancient or pre-modern factors which helped in globalization
· Travelers
· Traders
· Priests and Pilgrims
· Germs and disease
30. 3 types of Flows
· Flow of trade
· Flow of labour
· Flow of capital
31. How a global agriculture economy took place
· Flow of trade
· Flow of labour
· Flow of capital
32. Factors which led to making of a global world
· Railways
· Telegraph
· Steam ships
· Internet
33. Effects of reinterprets
· Rest ruction of cattle
· Destruction of livelihood
· Monopolization of cattles
· Conquering part of Africa
THE MAKING OF THE GLOBAL WORLD
1 mark question
Q.1 what is globalisation ?
Q.2 how globalisation was carried in ancient times ?
Q.3 what do you understand by ‘cowries’ ?
Q.4 how silk route got its name ?
Q.5 which area did the silk route joined ?
Q.6 how can say that silk route helped in cultural exchange ? ( any 2 point)
Q.7 how america entered the world of food exchange ?
Q.8 what is ‘the fabled city of gold’ ?
Q.9 how the spanish conqured america ?
Q.10 who is dissenter ?
Q.11 what is ‘corns law’ ?
Q.12 in which countries the lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the british demand ?
Q.13 mention the areas from where indentured labours were taken ?
Q.14 in early 20th century the main product of the trade , 60% of the trade , compramised what ?
Q.15 what is the advantages of refrigarated ships ?
Q.16 from where the animals were collected to be slaughtered ?
Q.17 where the big european powers met in 1885 to complete the carving up of africa between them ?
Q.18 why some countries in africa have straight borders ?
Q.19 what is rinderpest ?
Q.20 what was the problem of europeans in africa ?
Q.21 what were the hopes of europe in africa ?
Q.22 what attracted europe ?
Q.23 what were the steps taken by european , before rinderpest came to tackle the problem of less workers ?
Q.24 when rinderpest arrived in africa ?
Q.25 how rinderpest came to africa ?
Q.26 what was the main aim of the europeans to do so ?
Q.27 who is an indentured labour ?
Q.28 from where in india the indentured labours were taken ?
Q.29 what were the main destinations of the indian indentured labourers ?
Q.30 what were the false information given to the workers ?
Q.31 what do you understand by ‘new system of slavery’ ?
Q.32 what is hossay ?
Q.33 what do you mean by rasta farianism ?
Q.34 what is chutney music ?
Q.35 how indentured labourers are connected to globalisation ?
Q.36 why do the indians , shivnarine chanderpaul and ramnaresh sarwan play for west indies ?
Q.37 when was the process of indenturing labours abolished ?
Q.38 who are the shikaripuri shroffs ?
Q.39 who are nattukottai chettiars ?
Q.40 which entrepreneur ventured beyond the colonies of europe ?
Q.41 ‘british had a trade surplus with india’. What do you mean by trade surplus here ?
Q.42 which was the first modern industrial war ?
Q.43 during the first world war which , who were allies and who were central powers ?
Q.44 after the first world war , which was the only country in the war , which was gaining instead of loosing ?
Q.45 henry ford adapted the assembly line of which slaughter house ?
Q.46 where henry ford setup its new car plant ?
Q.47 which model of car did henry ford made ?
Q.48 which was world’s first mass produced car ?
Q.49 why henry ford doubled the wages of workers ?
Q.50 why henry ford banned trade unions ?
Q.51 what were worst affected by the great depression ?
Q.52 why urban india was safe from depression ?
Q.53 who were the axis powers and allied powers during the second world war ?
Q.54 what were the two realisation of america ?
Q.55 what were the two crucial influences that shaped post-war re-construction?
Q.56 what is bretton woods institution ?
Q.57 which two institutions were established by the bretton wood institution ?
Q.58 what is tariff ?
Q.59 what is fixed exchange rate ?
Q.60 what is floating exchange rate ?
Q.61 why bretton woods institution began to shift their attention more towards developing countries instead of developed countries in 1950’s ?
Q.62 what do you understand by nieo ?
Q.63 what were the aims of g-77 ?
Q,64 why did system of fixed exchange rate collpsed ?
Q.65 why most of the tv’s , mobile phones , and toys in market are made in china ?
Q.66 what are exchange rate ?
