CH -3 NATIONALISM IN INDIA

Ques.1  Economic  and  political  scenario  in India  after  world  war  1–

Ø  Defense  expenditure  increased-led to tax burden

Ø  Custom  duties , income  tax were introduced

Ø  Forced  recruitment from villages

Ø  Extreme  hardship – high  prices ,  crops  failed , influenza, famines

Ques.2  Rowlat  Act –

An act passed in 1919 which gave the power to government to repress the political activities by allowing detention of political prisioners without trial for 2 years.

Effects-

Ø  Rallies , railway  workers  on  strikes , shops  closed

Ø  Gandhi  barred  entry  into  Delhi

Ø  10  April – a  peaceful  procession  fired  upon

Ø  Widespread  attacks  on  govt.  Institutions

Ø  Martial  law  imposed  by Gen.  Dyer

Ø  Jallianwalabagh massacre-1919

Ques.3 Jallianwala  bagh-

Ø  On 13 April 1919 on the day of Baisakhi

Ø  Not awared about martial law

Ø  Thousands were killed by Gen Dyer

Effects

Ø  Strikes , clashes  with  the  police

Ø  Attacks  on  govt.  Buildings

Ø  Brutal repression by British govt.

Ø  Villages  bombed  and  people  flogged

Ques.4 Ideas  of Satyagraha –

Ø  Pure  soul  force 

Ø  Novel  method  of  mass  agitation

Ø  Emphasized  the  power  of  truth  and  need  to  search  for  truth

Ø  Suggested  to  use  non-violence  against  oppressors

Ø  If  the  cause  is  true  and  the  struggle  is  against  injustice , then  no  violence  is  required  to  fight  the  oppressor

 ques.5 Gandhiji’s   3  experiments –

Ø  1917 – went  to  champaran  in  Bihar  to  inspire  peasants  to  struggle  against  oppressive  plantation  system

Ø  1917 – organized  satyagrah  for  peasants  of  Gujarat at Kheda

Ø  1918 – travelled  to  Ahmadabad  to  organize  satyagrah  among  cotton  mill  workers

 Q6 Why  was  NCM  launched ?

Ø  Realization  of  Gandhi

Ø  To  support  khilafat  movement  and  swaraj

Ø  Hindu  Muslim  unity

 Why  NCM  slowed  down  in  cities ?

Ø  Expensive  khadi

Ø  Boycott  of  British  institution  posed  a  problem-no substitutes for them

 Stages  of  NCM –

Ø  Surrender  of  titles

Ø  Boycott  of  foreign  goods  and  institutions

Ø  To go for a full Civil Disobedience

            Impacts-

Ø  Financial lose to British Govt.-import to India went down

Ø  Promotion of Indian goods

Ø  Workers strikes led to down in British production

Ø  Chauri-Chaura incident-1922

Q7. Participation of various groups in NCM

Ø  Middle class in cities-Role of students, teachers, lawers- boycott and swadeshi

Ø  Peasants’ participation-Awadh-under Baba Ramchandra-Nai-Dhobi Bandh

Ø  Tribals’ Participation-at Gudem Hills of A.P under Alluri Sita ram Raju

Ø  Plantation Workers-different notion of swaraj-right to move freely-Gandhi raj is coming

 Q8. Peasants  movements  in  Awadh –

Ø  Led  mainly  by  Baba  Ramchandra ,an  indentured labour  from  Fiji. Mainly this movement was against the oppressive Talukdars and Zamindars.

Demands-

Ø  Abolishing  begar

Ø  Social  boycott  of  oppressive  landlords

Ø  Reduction  of  revenue

Stages-

Ø  Organizing  nai-dhobi  bandhs

Ø  Setting  up  of  oudh  kisan  sabha

Ø  Attacks  and  loot

Ø  Declaration  of  paying  no  taxes  and  redistribution  of  land  among  poor  people

 Q9. Tribal  Movement  in  Gudem  hills  of  A.P

Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed having super power-as incarnation of God.

Problems of Tribals-

Ø  Forbidden  to  enter  forests

Ø  Forbidden  to  collect  fuel  woods , fruits

Ø  Affected  livelihood , denial  of  traditional  rights

Ø  Begar  for  construction

Movement-

Ø  Poplarisation of Gandhi by Raju

Ø  He persuaded the people to wear Khadi and give up drinking

Ø  Believe in Violence

 Q10. Aim of Simon Commission-

Ø  To  look  into  the  functioning  of  Indian  constitutional  system

Ø  Suggested  changes  to  it

Reaction of Indians –

Ø  Slogans  of  ‘go  back  Simon’

Ø  Demonstration  by  different  parties

Ø  Dominion  status

Q11.  Why CDM started? Stages  of  CDM –

Why-

Ø  Breaking  of  salt  law

Ø  Failure of Simon Commission

Ø  Declaration of Purna Swaraj in Lahor Congress in 1929

Stages  of  CDM

Ø  Salt  march-13 March to 6 April-240 miles covered in 24 days

Ø  Breaking  of  salt  law-6^th April at Dandi

Ø  Declaration of Full  civil  disobedience  of  laws

Ø  Gandhi – Irwin  pact

Ø  Re-launch  of  CDM  in  1932

Effects  of  CDM –

Ø  Foreign  cloth  boycotted

Ø  Liquour  shops  picketed

Ø  Refusal  to  pay  revenue  and  chaukidari  taxes

Ø  Village  officials  resigned

Ø  Violation  of  forest  laws  by  forest  people

Q12. Gandhi-Irwin  pact

Ø  Took  place  on  5  march  1931

Ø  Gandhiji  consented  to  participate  in  Round Table Conference  in  London

After returning from London Gandhiji found-

Ø  Abdul Ghaffar  khan  and  Nehru  were  in  jail

Ø  The  congress  had  been  declared  illegal

Ø  A  series  of  measures  imposed  to  prevent  meetings , demonstration  and  boycotts

Q13.Different Groups participated in CDM

 Peasants  communities 

      Rich  peasants –Patidars of Gujrat and Jats of UP

Ø  Hard  hit  by  trade  depression  and  falling  prices

Ø  Cash  income  disappeared

Ø  Refusal  of  govt.  To  reduce  revenue  demand

Ø  Wanted  revision  of  revenue  rates

Poor  peasants

Ø  Cash  income  dwindled  so  small  tenants  unable  to  pay  their  rent

Ø  They  wanted  the  unpaid  rent  to  landlords  be  remitted

Business  classes

Ø  Wanted  protection  against  govt.  Policies  that  restricted  business  activities

Ø  A  rupee – sterling  foreign  exchange  ratio  to  discourage  imports

Ø  They  provided  financial  assistance 

Industrial  workers

Ø  Movements  against  low  wages  and  poor  working  condition

Women  participation

Ø  Participated  in  protest  marches

Ø  Manufactured  salt

Ø  Picketed  foreign  cloth  and  liquour  shops

Ø  Service  to  nation – a   duty

Q14.  Limitation  of  CDM

Ø  Non-  participation  of  dalits

Ø  Separate Electorates demanded by B.R.Ambedkar

Ø  Non-  participation  of  Muslims-motivated under Muslim League

Ø  Separate Representation  demanded  by  Jinnah

Q15.  Sense  of  Collective  Belongingness(Various Cultural Processes responsible)

Ø  Identity  of  the  nation  as  Bharat mata

Ø  Indian  folklore ,slogans and  songs

Ø  Indian Literature, Novels

Ø  Tri -colour  flag

Ø  Reinterpretation  of  history